Emperors of Chinas Xia Dynasty

According to legend, the Xia Dynasty ruled China beginning more than four thousand years ago. Although no firm documentary evidence has yet been found for this period, it is possible that some form of evidence exists, like the  oracle bones  that have proved the existence of the Shang Dynasty (1600 - 1046 BCE). The Xia Kingdom supposedly grew up along the Yellow River, and its first leader was a sort of community organizer named Yu who got all of the people to cooperate in creating dams and canals to control the annual river floods. As a result, their agricultural production and their population increased, and they selected him to become their leader under the name of Emperor Yu the Great. We know about these legends thanks to much later Chinese historical chronicles such as the  Classic of History  or  Book of Documents.  Some scholars believed that this work was compiled from earlier documents by Confucius himself, but that seems unlikely. Xia history is also recorded in the  Bamboo Annals, another ancient book of unknown authorship, as well as in Sima Qians  Records of the Grand Historian  from 92 BCE. There is often more truth than we might guess in ancient myths and legends. That certainly has proved true in the case of the dynasty that came after the Xia, the Shang, which was long thought to be mythical until archaeologists discovered the above-mentioned oracle bones bearing the names of some of the mythical Shang emperors. Archaeology may one day prove the doubters wrong about the Xia Dynasty as well. Indeed, archaeological work in the Henan and Shanxi provinces, along the ancient course of the Yellow River, has turned up evidence of a complex early Bronze Age culture from the correct time period. Most Chinese scholars are quick to identify this complex, called the Erlitou culture, with the Xia Dynasty, although some foreign scholars are more skeptical. The Erlitou digs reveal an urban civilization with bronze foundries, palatial buildings, and straight, paved roads. Finds from the Erlitou sites also include elaborate tombs. Within those tombs are grave goods including the famous  ding tripod  vessels, one of a class of artifacts known as ritual bronzes. Other finds include bronze wine jugs and jeweled masks, as well as ceramic mugs and jade implements. Unfortunately, the one type of artifact not discovered so far is any trace of writing that conclusively states that the Erlitou site is one and the same with the Xia Dynasty. China’s Xia Dynasty Yu the Great, c. 2205 – c. 2197 BCEEmperor Qi, c. 2146 – c. 2117 BCETai Kang, c. 2117 – c. 2088 BCEZhong Kang, c. 2088 – c. 2075 BCEXiang, c. 2075 – c. 2008 BCEShao Kang, c. 2007 – c. 1985 BCEZhu, c. 1985 – c. 1968 BCEHuai, c. 1968 – c. 1924 BCEMang, c. 1924 – c. 1906 BCEXie, c. 1906 – c. 1890 BCEBu Jiang, c. 1890 – c. 1831 BCEJiong, c. 1831 – c. 1810 BCEJin, c. 1810 – c. 1789 BCEKong Jia, c. 1789 – c. 1758 BCEGao, c. 1758 – c. 1747 BCEFa, c. 1747 – c. 1728 BCEJie, c. 1728 – c. 1675 BCE To learn more, go to the list of China’s Dynasties.

The Physics Of The Atomic Theory - 1297 Words

Matter is anything made up of atoms and molecules and the study of these â€Å"things† called atoms dates back to the time of Ancient Greece to the present. The information about atoms known today is certainly much greater than what was known centuries ago. First, there were only hypotheses on this idea that everything in the world is made up of tiny, unseeable particles. As technology advanced, these hypotheses were tested, critiqued, modified, and built upon. A mass of knowledge is known regarding atoms, thanks to the research of numerous chemists and physicists. The atomic theory is the building block to the study of matter, just as the atom is the building block to all matter. Around 400 BCE was when the Greek philosopher Democritus, alone with his teacher Leucippus, the idea of the atom was born (the word atom comes from the Greek word â€Å"atomos† or â€Å"atomon† meaning â€Å"that which cannot be split†). This was a completely new concept, and Dem ocritus’s theory stated that atoms were indestructible and homogenous, and different states of matter were made up of differently shaped atoms: solids had sharp and pointy atoms and liquids had large round atoms. Later these ideas would be proved inaccurate, however, this was the beginning of the discovery of the atom even though the people of this time had no instruments capable of testing the theory. It was not until centuries later that the atomic theory was truly looked at again. In 1803 an English chemist and physicist namedShow MoreRelatedThe Physics Of The Atomic Theory1404 Words   |  6 PagesRutherford would have inspired him to investigate in Atoms. This may of occurred because there was a conspiracy towards the atoms due to nobody actually seeing them. What part of the Atomic Theory did they investigate? Ernest Rutherford was responsible for a many different discoveries such as radioactivity and nuclear physics. He discovered alpha and beta rays, found the laws of radioactive decay, and identified alpha particles as helium nuclei. Most important, he postulated the nuclear structure of theRead MorePhysics And Physics : Atomic Theory2392 Words   |  10 Pages In chemistry and physics, atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature of matter, which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms. It began as a philosophical concept in ancient Greece and entered the scientific mainstream in the early 19th century when discoveries in the field of chemistry showed that matter did indeed behave as if it were made up of atoms. The word atom comes from the Ancient Greek adjective atomos, meaning uncuttable. 19th century chemists began usingRead MoreThe Physics Of The Atomic Theory1519 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"What is the world made of?† That question has puzzled scientists and philosophers for centuries. The atomic theory was first proposed in ancient Greece around 400 BC and has continued to evolve through the centuries to finally evolve into the current theory we have today. We now know that the subatomic particles that make up the atom are no longer the fundamental particles of the universe because even they are made of smaller particles called â€Å"quarks.† The continuous study of atoms will allow usRead MoreThe Physics Of The Atomic Theory964 Words   |  4 Pagesenergy in all kinds of matter. The atomic theory became a very important piece in chemistry because it explained the atomic structure and how it worked. Important scientists that helped contribute to this theory were people like John Dalton and J.J. Thompson which helped establish a foundation to the theory, as well as create experiments that helped provide evidence of their findings. John Dalton was an important scientist that established the atomic theory. His theory was as follows: 1.All matter isRead MoreThe Physics Of Atomic Theory1142 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment of atomic theory, and made science changing discoveries that are still today quite impressive, even in comparison to modern day scientists. There are countless scientists involved in the evolution of atomic theory, but less than 50 have majorly impacted the way we view atomic theory today. Discovery and experimentation on the atom first began in the Greek Era with scientists as old as Democritus and Aristotle. Democritus was believed to be the first person to touch on the atomic theory. He statedRead MoreThe Physics Of The Atomic Theory800 Words   |  4 Pages Atomic Theory The ancient Greek the word atom means indivisible. It was used to describe the smallest indivisible piece of a matter. He believed that all matter could be broken down using femtometers. Atoms were perceived to be indestructible. Atom was derived from the greek word atomon or atomos meaning indestructible. This fundamental atomic theory was developed by a scholar named Democritus. He was a pupil of the famous philosopher Leucippus. From Democritus’ original Atomic TheoryRead MoreEssay about Enrico Fermi and the Development of the Atomic Bomb1013 Words   |  5 PagesEnrico Fermi and the Development of the Atomic Bomb The 20th century saw many important discoveries which impacted people worldwide. Great discoveries were made in the realm of science and technology which lead to the atomic age. One of the leading pioneers in the area of physics was Enrico Fermi. Without his contributions, the atomic bomb may not have been developed or would have possibly been postponed. Enrico Fermi was born into a family who had enough money to live comfortably. FermiRead MoreBiography of Albert Einstein1573 Words   |  7 Pages Einstein was able to apply directly to the Eidgenà ¶ssische Polytechnische Schule (Swiss Federal Polytechnic School) in Zà ¼rich, Switzerland. Lacking a high school diploma, he failed the entrance exam but got exceptional marks in mathematics and physics. Because of this, he was admitted to the school provided he complete his formal schooling first. He went to a special high school run by Jost Winteler in Aarau, Switzerland. He graduated in 1896 at age 17. He became lifelong friends with the WintelerRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Atom1384 Words   |  6 Pageswhich made a theory â€Å"The idea that all matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles, or atoms, is believed to have originated with the Greek philosopher Leucippus of Miletus and his student Democritus of Abdera in the 5th century B.C. (The word atom comes from the Greek word atomos, which means â€Å"indivisible.†)† (InfoPlease Atomic theory) After that theory scientists started Wondering about this theory and a lot of Scientists made up Models and conducted Experiments to Explain this Theory. In thisRead MoreNiels Henrik David Bohr was born in Copenhagen on October 7, 1885. His parents were Christian Bohr800 Words   |  4 Pagesphysociolgist and was responsible for sparking Niels and Harold’s interests in physics while they were still in school. Their mother, Ellen needeler, came from a family distinguished in the field of education. Niels Bohr parents were well-educated parents. Niels Bohr became interested in physics at a young age. He studied physics thought his undergraduate and graduate years. He worked hard to earn a doctorate in physics in 19911 which he received from Copenhagen University. The next year, 1912, Bohr

Human Stem Cell Research Ethical Dilemmas With The...

Trevor McCarthy Human Embryonic Stem Cell (hESC) research possesses ethical dilemmas with the utility of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from human blastocyst, one of the earliest stages of embryonic development. Embryonic stem cell derivation is controversial because there are different opinions and beliefs on when an embryo is deserving of full moral status, equal to the moral respect, rights and treatment to that of a human being. ESCs extracted from a blastocyst will undergo experimentation that would be considered unethical if it were performed on humans. Having a restrictive federal policy would eliminate the unethical destruction of blastocyst that is required to extract ESCs and it would push the scientific community to find other means to provide cells with the equivalent or sufficient potential to attenuate or cure disease, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Moreover, a restrictive policy would also terminate the unethical experimentation that embryos and fe tuses undergo in laboratories across the U.S. The United States requires the integration of restrictive ESC policy for the following reasons: an embryo at all stages has the potential to form human life and is deserving of full moral status, and the need for ESC research can be rendered obsolete now that induced pluripotent stem cells are available. From the moment the egg is fertilized, the embryo holds full potential to become a human being and thus deserves dignity and unrestrictedShow MoreRelatedPsychology 100 Test Review1815 Words   |  8 Pagesand survival of the fittest as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors) Sociocultural Approach (examines the ways in which the social and cultural environments influence behavior.) CHAPTER TWO What is psychology s scientific method? Observe some phenominon, forumulating hypotheses and predictions, testing through empirical research, drawing conclusions, evaluating conclusions Research settings Types of research Laboratory and Naturalistic Types... Descriptive (ObservationRead MoreCriticisms Against Ethical Theories8474 Words   |  34 PagesCriticisms leveled against Ethical Theories 1. Criticisms leveled against Consequentialism. Consequentialism is based on the consequences of actions. It is sometimes called a teleological theory, from the Greek word telos, meaning goal. According to consequentialism, actions are right or wrong depending on whether their consequences further the goal. The goal (or, the good) can be something like the happiness of all people or the spreading of peace and safety. Anything which contributes toRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesreliability †¢ â€Å"Don’t let the facts get in the way of a good story† is an instruction often heard in the newsroom †¢ Concept of media ethics is conceived to be an oxymoron. Sadly, many aspects of the modern media are stripped of almost all ethical concerns. In a reality of competition, ratings and economic considerations, ethics becomes a secondary, sometimes irritating, issue †¢ E.g. But consider 2003, New York Times writer Jayson Blair caught for plagiarising and falsifying elements ofRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesconsumer behaviour Understanding industrial consumer behaviour Customer satisfaction Customer relationship management Marketing of services Rural marketing Types of marketing research Process of marketing research Tools and Techniques of marketing research Applications of marketing research Preparation of marketing research report Online marketing E-commerce Trends in marketing Page No. Marketing management – an introduction Unit structure: 1. Introduction 2. Learning Objectives 3. MarketingRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesorganizations compete Identifying competitors’ objectives Identifying competitors’ likely response profiles Competitor analysis and the development of strategy The competitive intelligence system The development of a competitive stance: the potential for ethical conflict Summary CONTENTS vii Stage Two: Where do we want to be? Strategic direction and strategic formulation 7 Missions and objectives 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Learning objectives Introduction The purpose of planning EstablishingRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesAuthors Erik W. Larson ERIK W. LARSON is professor of project management at the College of Business, Oregon State University. He teaches executive, graduate, and undergraduate courses on project management, organizational behavior, and leadership. His research and consulting activities focus on project management. He has published numerous articles on matrix management, product development, and project partnering. He has been honored with teaching awards from both the Oregon State University MBA programRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesCentury †¢ Jose C. Moya and Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History Read MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesStarbucks, we have moved Entrepreneurial Adventures up to the front of the book. We have continued Marketing Wars, which many of you recommended, and reinstated Comebacks of firms iii iv †¢ Preface rising from adversity. I have also brought back Ethical Mistakes, because I believe that organizations more than ever need to be responsive to society’s best interests. Altogether, this 11th edition brings seven new cases to replace seven that were deleted from the previous edition. Some of the casesRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesare a key learning vehicle for the module. Students are also required to conduct group and individual research into organisations. A series of surgery sessions and online-mediated sessions are available to students wishing to reinforce their learning. Key skills are developed in the areas of team work, oral and written communications, selection and application of data collection methods, research and referencing skills, data analysis and on-line communications. The strategic management module has

Orson Welles And Citizen Kane - 2180 Words

A film released in 1941 that tells the story of a man thrown into high social class. The audience witnesses the predicament of a man, who is split in half between his polar personalities. Charles Foster Kane has recently died and the predicament of interpreting his life and its meaning is left upon a single reporter. â€Å"†¦A group of prominent films critics were asked to list the greatest directors and the greatest films, Orson Welles and Citizen Kane both came in first (Carringer 32).† Orson Welles’ produces, co-wrote, directed, and starred in the great American classic film, Citizen Kane, at the age of 26. Throughout this entire film, the audience is morally challenged along with being entertained about the rise and fall of an American hero or villain depending on which way you look at it. It is unquestioned that this film achieved great things in cinema. Welles’ utilizes the techniques of deep focus, close ups, visual symbolism, and using several perspe ctives to tell the story of Charles Foster Kane. Citizen Kane contributed to the cinema world the most with its use of deep focus. This technique is interesting in the fact that it includes everything in the frame, even the background, in focus all at once. Welles was forced to combine lighting, shadowing, and using different lenses to produce this effect. â€Å"French theorist Andre Bazin described this technique as a dialectical leap forward in the language of cinema, allowing directors to preserve realism and ambiguity ofShow MoreRelatedCitizen Kane, Directed By Orson Welles995 Words   |  4 Pagesand film critic Roger Ebert, Citizen Kane, is a movie directed, co-authored, produced and starred by Orson Welles and released in 1941. The film follows a series of flashbacks to solve a mystery, and is based upon newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst. The movies subtle comparison between the fictional protagonist, Charles Foster Kane (played by Orson Welles) and William Randolph Hearst leads Hearst to ban any mention of the mov ie in his newspapers. Citizen Kane shows the harsh realities of theRead MoreCitizen Kane By Orson Welles855 Words   |  4 PagesTrying to multiply their prosperity and authority they can lose their human nature and soul, turn human relation into the market. In the movie â€Å"Citizen Kane† directed by Orson Welles in 1941, on the example of the main character, Charles Foster Kane, it is shown how the person who could get everything he wanted, but was unable to save it (Citizen Kane). For example, he had two marriages, but both were unhappy because of Kane’s treatment to his women. He also was very close to the successfulRead More Orson Welles in Citizen Kane Essay542 Words   |  3 PagesOrson Welles in Citizen Kane Orson Welles produced, directed and starred in Citizen Kane, the classic masterpiece which communicates its original narrative through ground-breaking cinematography, lighting, music, setting, sound and performances. The film has underlying symbols in every single shot, and uses innumerable cinematic devices to convey meaning. One of the many implications Citizen Kane makes is strongly embodied in the sequence of Kane and his wife SusanRead MoreAnalysis Of Orson Welles Citizen Kane1776 Words   |  8 Pages1941, the release of Orson Welles Citizen Kane saw the New York Times label it as the riding crest of perhaps the most provocative publicity wave ever to float a motion picture†. Withstanding against contextual influences and alterations this historically epic melodrama has endured time, continuing to rouse meaning and differing interpretations for the individual of yesterday, today and tomorrows humanity. Setting precedent for a new world of cinematography to arise, Welles utilised the day’s contextRead MoreOrson Welles s Citizen Kane994 Words   |  4 PagesOrson Welles’s Citizen Kane (1941) is known as one of the most innovative and highly rated films of all time. Welles and his cinematographer, Gregg Toland, were among the first filmmakers to use deep-focus photography for significant portions of the film rather than using the more classic medium and close up shots. Welles and Toland also used unconventional filming methods, such as â€Å"high contrast, unusual camera angles, and the use of shafts of light† (Cagle, Dombrowski and Ramaeker), which createdRead MoreCitizen Kane Directed by Orson Welles545 Words   |  2 PagesWhat is the meaning of life? Joseph Campbell states that, â€Å"Life has no meaning. Each of us has meaning and we bring it to life. It is a waste to be asking the question when you are the answer.† Directed by Orson Welles, the film Citizen Kane (1941) is about Charles Foster Kane who is a wealthy newspaper publisher and in the film, his life is retold from when he was a little boy to his passing by his friends and family. On the other hand, American Beauty (1999), a film directed by Sam Mendes, tellsRead MoreThe Movie Citizen Kane written by Orson Welles1179 Words   |  5 Pages The Film Citizen Kane by written by Orson Welles does an excellent job at using film techniques and mise-en-scene to help viewers understand the sense of nature between characters. I wrote about this once before when analyzing another scene in the film but there are many examples within the film of techniques being used intricately in both deliberate and subliminal ways to portray the tone of specific scenes. A series of scenes in which this is very apparent is when a story is being told about CharlesRead MoreCitizen Kane : Film Directed By Orson Welles1203 Words   |  5 PagesCitizen Kane (Orson Welles 1941) is a film directed by Orson Welles, this film follows the life of a millionaire Foster Kane played by Orson Welles himself. The film is set in the early 1930’s and 40’s and follows his life and the presses attempt to unveil the meaning of his last mysterious word â€Å"Rosebud.† The brilliance of this film comes from the cinematography and shows the assertions of humanity through its use of Mise-en-scene and various technical aspects such as low angle shots and Dee p-FocusRead MoreFilm Analysis : Citizen Kane Directed By Orson Welles1955 Words   |  8 PagesThe 1941 film, Citizen Kane directed by Orson Welles is a phenomenal example of the exploration of innovative uses in photography, sound and editing. Orson Welles uses staging, shadows, low-key lighting, deep focus and overlapping dialogue to emphasize various aspects of the film. The main character Charles Foster Kane is sent away by his parents when he is just little boy after they come into a large amount of money. Due to this, he grows up to be an insensitive and vain man. Kane becomes very successfulRead MoreThe Film Citizen Kane : A Film Of All Time, And Director Orson Welles1425 Words   |  6 Pages Critics have called the 1941 film Citizen Kane one of the best movies of all time, and director Orson Welles’s direction is largely to thank for the work’s accolades. Citizen Kane is famous for its use of long shots, deep staging, deep focus, and, as will be considered i n this paper, its lighting practices. Welles strategically lights his characters in order to develop them throughout the film; this paper will focus on three shots that show Jerry Thompson (William Alland) develop from functioning

Nature of the Gods in the Iliad Free Essays

The Homeric gods know they are better than the mortals that serve them and do not care much when they fight and have quarrels. The gods can always withdraw from the battle and never have to worry about dying or suffering that the humans live with every day during the war. This is where we see the motivations of the gods, their relationships with mortals, relationships with each other and the power and authority of Zeus. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of the Gods in the Iliad or any similar topic only for you Order Now The motivations of the gods differ greatly throughout the Iliad, including the legislations they have with soldiers who were fighting in the war. For example, Aphrodite has a special relationship with the Trojan hero, Paris. When he is wounded In a battle with Menelaus, she † whisked Paris away with the sleight of a goddess. (3, 370-400)† She took Paris away from the fighting because she liked him because he chooses her as the prettiest over Hear and Athena in an earlier part of the myth. She saved him out of her own honor, not for Paris’ life. Selfishness was one of the motivations of the gods. When the priest of Apollo has his daughter taken by the Greeks and they refuse to give her back he prays to Apollo saying â€Å"Hear me, Silvereye, Protector of Cherry†¦ Grant me this prayer: Let the Damns pay for my tears with your arrows. Apollo heard his prayer and descended Olympus’ crags pulsing with fury, bow slung over one soldier, the arrows rattling In their case on his back as the angry god moved Like night down the mountain. † (1 , 45-50) Because Apollo valued prayers to him he sent arrows that rained down on the Greeks for nine days causing many of them to die from the plague. The reason Apollo retaliates is cause he feels insulted that the Greeks do not respect his priest and In return himself. He starts killing the Greeks out of selfishness and the desire of Keels_ Even the gods wanted honor. This motivated them to go to war with the mortals. The gods also value control and power. They use the heroes of each side as pawns in their war to see which gods will win and see which are stronger. The gods’ motivations differed from one god to the next, and this occasionally caused conflict between them. The gods are displayed as one big, dysfunctional family. The gods’ relationships with each there are based on distrust and hatred between each other. The gods have conflict about everything Just like most humans do. Their conflict usually plays out in the mortal world and Is willing to fight each other to affect the outcome of the war. Even though Zeus is the most powerful and threatens the others often, they still continue to go against him Just not in fighting him. Hear tricks him, Athena helps some of the heroes, and Poseidon helps the Greek side when Zeus is knocked out. They do this to show that they think they are smarter than Zeus and want power. Zeus realizes this ND says â€Å"Hear you scheming blotch, this trick of yours has taken Hector out and routed his army. (10, 15-MOM’ Zeus becomes furious with Hear because she tricks him into falling asleep for a long enough time while she and Poseidon help the Greeks, which were against Zeus because he was helping the Trojan. This was only a simple trick and did not Involve fighting Like most of the war. Athena says she will protect Dimmest, son of Études, and she stands on Greeks’ side. Athena agrees to do this because she doesn’t like Ares because Ares turned Trojan and abandoned the I OFF his spear home to the pit of Ares’ belly, where the kilt-piece covered it. † Athena seriously injured the god Ares but could not kill him because he is immortal. This made him back out of the war and gave the Greeks the upper hand once again. The gods were always against each other because of personal reasons and this caused many humans to die because of what they chose to do. The gods seem to have a unique relationship with the mortals in the epic poem. The gods do not actually care much about what happens to the humans. The gods do not allow something to append to the mortals based on this outside force that predestines everything. The gods, especially Zeus, believe heavily in fate. Zeus tells the other gods that fears something may interfere with fate, â€Å"If Achilles is the only fighting out there, the Trojan won’t last a minute against him†¦ I fear he may exceed his fate and demolish the wall. (20, 20)† He sent the gods into the war to stop Achilles from destroying the Trojan army before it was foretold. This causes much more death but that does not matter as much as fate to the gods. Not even the all and powerful Zeus would try to sees with fate. Zeus wishes to alter the destiny set for his son, and despite his superiority to the other Olympian (not to mention the other minor gods and goddesses), he is unable to resist the authority of his daughters, the Fates. Hear even makes him not go against fate. Zeus says â€Å"Fate has it that Sarandon, whom I love more than any man, is to be killed by Patrols. Shall I take him out of the battle while he still lives? (16)† Hear says â€Å"A mortal man, whose fate has long been fixed, and you want to save him from rattling death. 16)† So Zeus understood that he should to change the fate for even his dear Sarandon. This shows us once again that fate is more powerful than all of the gods. Zeus does care some about the Trojan, but he is just repaying a favor to Thesis, Achilles’ mother. Thesis begs Zeus â€Å"Give the Trojan the upper hand until the Greeks grant my son the honor he deserves† (1, 540 -541) and Zeus does it. He made the Trojan army start winning battles Just because of a personal debt to a goddess. This shows us how much he really cared for the outcome of the war. Zeus was the strongest of all of the gods and the mortals did not mean ere much to him. The power and authority of the leader of the gods, Zeus, is very prevalent throughout the Iliad. Zeus focuses on having the upper hand compared to all the other gods when it comes to power and authority. He never gives up the chance to remind the other gods who is the strongest of them all. Zeus was undoubtedly stronger than all of the other gods put together. He is even so certain of his power as to say that he could take them all on without breaking a sweat. Zeus tells the other gods â€Å"These two hands are more powerful than all the gods on Olympus imbibed† (8, 462-463) Zeus bragged throughout the entire myth about his power. All of the other gods knew not to fight against Zeus so they all tried to outsmart him which worked on occasion. [Zeus to the other gods] â€Å"Come on. Hang a gold cable down from the sky. All you gods and goddesses holding the end couldn’t drag me down from the sky to earth Zeus the Master, no matter how hard you tried. † (8, 20-30) He knew he was that much stronger than all the others. When he told the gods they could interfere they did. When he told them they couldn’t they listened for the most art. His authority was unmatched by any of the other gods. Affect the gods at all except it excites them into doing battle with each other and choosing a favorite side. They gods may have fought the battle but their ability made them unable to die and they did not suffer making them far superior to the mortals that were fighting for their lives on the battlefield. The nature of the gods is seen in the epic through their motivations, how the mortals where treated by the gods, how they saw each other as gods, and Zeus’ strength and prowess above all the other gods. How to cite Nature of the Gods in the Iliad, Papers

Work Life Balance

Question: What is work life balance in a organization? Answer: Abstract: The author in this essay presents the theory of work life balance and human resource management in the organizations. The essay is based on the case study of flexibility and work life balance. Human resource management is the management of employees in an organization to accomplish the goals of the company and also to increase the employee satisfaction. Work life balance is creating a balance between work and personal life. It includes working in office along with spending time with family. It is a choice between career and personal life. Flexibility means being flexible in organization regarding the working hours. It also means choosing a career of personal choice. At present many organizations and managers have started using the theory of work life balance and flexibility for their personal benefit and have shifted from original paradigm. Excessive working hours at office leads to increase in stress and it has great impact on the health of people. The number of hours or the time th at they can spend with their employees reduces. During the economic downturn employers can facilitate work life balance through proper communication and compensation to the employees that are being laid off. Creating a balance between work and personal life is essential in order to increase productivity and happiness of employees. Introduction: The primary aim of the essay is to analyze the theories on human resource management and work life balance and examine its effectiveness on global environment. The essay discusses the theories on flexibility and work life balance. It analyzes the effect of working extra hour on its employees and organization and how it can be harmful. Human resource management is the study of the management of employees and stakeholders in the organization working together to achieve one common goal and target. The essay is based on the case study title flexibility and work life balance: who benefits. The purpose of the essay is to answer the questions based on the case study. It analyzes the how employers could facilitate work life balance during economic downturns. It also discusses the implication of excessive working hours on the performance of employee and managers. The author will use various theories to support its argument and analyzes the case study to present its argument. Work life balance prioritizing the balance between work and lifestyle. The essay discusses how organizations achieve work life balance keeping the interest of both employers and employees (Smeaton et al., 2015). Body: Human resource management is the management of employees and human resources in an organization. It includes management of people, recruitment, training, and development, performance, providing orientation and developing skills of its employees. It is designed o maximize the performance of employees in the organization. The responsibility of the human resource team in an organization is to maintain employees, recruitment and selection, performance appraisal, training and development and workforce planning. The main purpose of the human resource manager in an organization is to examine and analyze that whether all the employees in an organization is satisfied or not. It focuses on maximizing the productivity of employees in an organization. The main purpose is to manage human capital in an organization. The responsibility of human resource management is also to ensure the human safety of employees in an organization. The task if human resource management is to hire the employees that posses some value that is essential to the organization to accomplish its goal (Bratton Gold, 2015). Work life balance is creating a balance between work and human lifestyle. It means creating a balance of employees so that they can earn adequate income without hampering the responsibilities of employees towards its family. Work life balance is lifestyle choice. The theory of work life balance is to prioritize between career, ambition work and lifestyle, health, leisure, family and other relationships development. Managers of various organizations often indulge its employees to work for extra hour even without paying them for the job. The research shows that working extra hour accounts for a total of seventy one billion dollar unpaid work each year. When the employees in an organization have to give an extra working hour in an organization they have to compromise the hour that they could have given to their family and leisure activities. It is the relationship between work and commitment to other relationships in life. Balance of work life and personal life is essential for employee s. It is an essential tool for stress management and is also essential to increase the productivity of the organization as well as its employees. Work life balance includes leave arrangement is an organization so that employees can five some time to family and other personal relationships. In order to increase productivity it is essential for then people to take breaks and go on a vacation. Creating a right balance between work and life will increase efficiency by giving new positivity to life (Gangwisch, 2014). The main key feature of work life balance program includes giving flexibility to its employees to choose the career of their own choice. It is essential for the human resource manager to understand the fact that different people in organizations have different needs to manage and maintain its work life balance. Work life policy programs in Australia includes flexible hours, part time work, job sharing, working from home, employee assistance program, relocation service and granting casual laves so that employees can invest time for personal needs and family time as well. The organizations should also include granting sick leaves so that people who are sick can take rest and get well to work for next day with greater enthusiasm. The main benefits of work life balance programs in organizations are that it helps the employees boost its morale so that people give hundred percent to their work and are satisfied with their work. It also helps in improving the customer service and customer s atisfaction along with employee satisfaction (Healey, 2008). Maintain a good work life balance improves the productivity, efficiency, profitability, and accountability of the organization. If the working hours are flexible in an industry or organization then many efficient workers would like to work that will automatically help the firm increase its efficiency and productivity. The major challenges with the work life balance program are that it becomes difficult for the organizations to adapt the change. The conflict between the working groups arises in an organization. The valuable time of the managers in an organization is wasted since they have to research and re write the human resource policies according to the demand of its employees (Jones et al., 2013). Flexible work arrangement is the situation or schedule that is different from the traditional schedule in the work place. It is different from the normal working pattern in an organization. Flexible work arrangement includes flexible shift timings at office, flexible work locations and flexible work arrangements. It also includes change in the patterns of work such as split shifts or job sharing. The organizations or companies cannot reject the request of flexible work arrangement from some of its employees unless it can present any visible business grounds for its rejection. Only employees who have worked in an organization for a year or greater can request for a flexible work arrangement. Flexible work arrangement includes flexi time that includes flexibility in working hours or shift timing, part time work and job sharing where the employees in an organization divide the task. The main benefits of flexible working hours in an organization is that it has more control over time, and also allows the employees to spend more time with their family (Vandello et al., 2013). Flexibility work arrangement also benefits the employers as it can make more efficient use of facilities such as desks and computers. The main issues with flexibility are trust and supervision, communication, and fairness. The human resource manager should ensure that the policies on hours of work are clear and they should also keep track of hours worked in by the employees. Flexible work arrangement also includes work locations and working from home by using telecommunication and other resources. It is essential to consider whether flexible work arrangement is beneficial or not (Allen et al., 2013). Many organizations have realized the importance and benefits of flexible work arrangement. According to some recent research seventy nine percent of the organizations are indulging in providing greater work flexibility. Many organizations are introducing part time work and flexible working hours to boost the employee morale and efficiency of the firm. Flexibility is essential in organizations as it is critical part of employee engagement strategy and is required to develop diverse high work performance in workplace. Flexibility is also essential for employers as it reduces the cost. It also provides employees to spend more time with their family. The adoption of flexibility and work life balance program benefits the employees and employers and also requires the employees to work for longer hours sometimes. This is due to the requirements that the organizations set that make it compulsory for the organizations to work for longer hours. If flexibility work arrangements are misused by b oth the employers and employees then it can have negative outcome on organization. Most of the people in Australia are dissatisfied with the balance between work life and non work life. The research shows that many people have to work for extra hour without even being paid for it. They cannot give the valuable time to their family. Most of the people work for forty eight hours and sixty percent of the people do not take regular holidays (Masuda et al., 2012). The flexibility of work arrangement has altogether moved to a new pattern according to Juliet Bourke. Flexibility instead of spreading positivity at workplace is involved in spreading negativity moving away from original paradigm. Flexibility at work arrangement now means how the employers in an organization can now get more out of fewer people. The main aim of the employers in an organization is to cost minimization and profit maximization. When fewer people come to office the cost of providing them laptop and other resource reduces. So they engage employees in getting them worked for longer hours. The employers are now focusing on reducing the work week and work arrangement in order to retain the workers. Flexibility is not always beneficial every time as the employers puts the extra workload on the other people in order to compensate the flexibility applied by the other. In this case the workload on some people increases that leads to unbalance in work and lifestyle (Darcy et al., 2013). During the time of economic downturn the working hours of many employees is reduced so that they can balance work and life through flexible work arrangement. The salaries and wages are then paid according to the time that they deliver. But in organizations where the work culture is strong organizations realize that it would not be beneficial for the firms to reduce the working hour. Instead they lay off the workers who are not productive in nature during the economic downturn. Now since the firms lay off the workers it is difficult to find the employees with good talent. Employers often put work pressure in those employees who are committed towards work so this reduces the work life balance leading to less time availability. The policy of getting more work done form employees is not productive as the people often have to work under string stress condition. Hence in the view of saving money the firm often faces loss due to low productivity from employees. Flexibility also sometimes in creases the cost for employees. In the view to save time and travel cost few employees engage in working from home. This often leads to increase in cost as most of the time they have to teleconference that leads to lots of wastage on money and cost. To reap the maximum benefit from the policy of more out of less the organizations have to be efficient. For this the organizations have to be structurally efficient and the job roles need to redesign. Due to flexibility and more out of less policy the talented employees are not properly absorbed. Flexibility has moved from its original paradigm to an extent that is necessary and inevitable. Proper management of the organization could lead to proper efficient work force having work life balance (Hill et al., 2012). Excessive working hours in an organization has negative impact and implication on both managers and employees. It has negative implication on productivity on employees and managers. Excessive working hours can be in form of stretched long working hours, overtime or extended hours per day. Long working hours not only hamper the employees and managers but also the people associated with them that includes family members, and community. It hampers the employee performance and social abnormalities as well. Long working hours result in increase in stress, sleeplessness, fatigue, and health issues that has effect on the performance of the employees and organizations. Increased working hours also posses the problems for managers as it leads to increase in production cost and production of cheap quality of goods and services. Increase in work hours can lead to increase in health problems such as lower back injury, high blood pressure, mental issues, stress, fatigue and higher suicide rates. Increased working hours also increases the risks of safety( Fursman Zodgekar, 2009).. Most importantly increase in working hours leads to decrease in productivity. Studies show that if people work more than sixty hours in a week the productivity decreases by twenty five percent. Increased working hours leads to increase in stress that in turn leads to increase in customer dissatisfaction. The main result is seen in the fall in the quality of goods and services (Fagan et al., 2012). A study in United States showed that as the overtime of work increases by ten percent the productivity decreases by 2.4 percent. There are many reasons for lower productivity because of the increase in the working hours ("Flexible working arrangements Flexibility in the workplace - Fair Work Ombudsman", 2016). One of the reasons is fatigue. When employees are too tired and stressed physically and mentally they dont perform the tasks to their best ability. This results in the fall in productivity. When the work hour increases then the work rate slows down and unproductive time increases. Long working hours also leads to increase in absenteeism that directly hampers the productivity of the organization. It is not only the employers and employees that get affected but also the community because people get irritated working for longer hours so this has impact on the behavior that they show to society.Acoording to Saltmarsh Randell-Moon 2014).If the people are not provided with proper i ncentives for working extra it leads to demoralization of employees. In this case the administrative officers and higher authority in the organization should listen to the grievances of its employees and try to make them understand their roles and responsibilities. Manager should encourage the workers by appraising the performance and work of employees. Extra incentives should be given to the people who are using their valuable time in offices by investing the valuable time. Time management techniques needs to be established in organizations in order to mitigate the ill effects of overtime on health and productivity. Managers should encourage vertical and horizontal communication in organizations. The employees should be well motivated in order to want him to work for extra hour. Working overtime has many ill effects especially on the productivity and efficiency of the organization. Performance of employees and managers will increase due to overtime only when the workers are motivat ed and appraised for their performance by giving them extra monetary value and incentive (Christensen Schneider, 2015). Acoording to (Stavrou Ierodiakonou, 2015).During economic recession many organizations tend to lay off workers. It is essential for the organization to manage the remaining work force after lay off. The managers should keep in mind that the work and life balance of its employees is preserved or not. Work life balance during economic downturns can also be taken care of by the managers by providing monetary compensation to the ones who are being terminated for no valid reason. Managers can also use the insurance policies and retirement plans to benefit the employees and maintain their work life balance. The remaining employees in the business operations are the ones who would bring the organizations into competitive force. So these employees should be compensated by the managers so that they give hundred percent in their work to resolve the competitiveness of firm. It is essential for the managers to understand the grievances of employees and take proper financial steps so that the pe riod of recession is mitigated. It is essential to make the employees understand the positive impact of flexible working hours on personal life as well as organization. The employees who are being laid off should be made to understand the reason why they are being laid off and they too are essential part of the organization. It is essential for the organization to convey the employees that as soon as the organization will have enough resource they will be employed in the organization and will also be given extra incentive in order to keep them motivated. Proper allocation of resources in an organization is essential during economic downturn. Time management is essential to balance career with lifestyle. Flexibility work arrangement should be adopted in organizations so that the employees are satisfied and they can give time to their family as well along with work. It is essential for the employees to see everyone in organization equally. Discrimination of any kind is harmful. Proper work decision is essential for effective utilization of time and resources. Work life balance during the time of economic recession or downturn can be achieved by proper forming proper policies and strategies. The main responsibility is that of the human resource manager (Perlow Kelly, 2014). Conclusion: Work life balance and flexibility at work arrangement both has pros and cons. If it is managed properly then its result will benefit both the organization and employees. With the change in tradition the work load is also increasing. There are many ill effects of working overtime and main hamper is on productivity of employees and organization. In order to increase profitability and productivity it is essential for the workers to maintain the family as well as career. This can be maintained by properly managing time. The main role of human resource manager is to manage the employees and keep them motivated so that together they can work to achieve the goal of the firm. 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